Dampak Ekotoksikologi Filter Ultraviolet Dari Produk Kosmetik Terhadap Ekosistem Terumbu Karang
Abstract
Pemakaian filter UV (sunscreen) secara meluas telah menimbulkan isu lingkungan yang substansial, karena pengaruhnya terhadap ekosistem laut, terutama bagi ekosistem terumbu karang. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji dampak ekotoksikologi dari beragam zat filter UV terhadap kondisi kesehatan terumbu karang serta menilai pendekatan analisis kimiawi guna mengidentifikasi kontaminan tersebut dalam medium laut. Pendekatan yang diterapkan meliputi tinjauan pustaka sistematis berbasis database sains seperti ScienceDirect, PubMed, dan Google Scholar, dengan penekanan pada 35 artikel ilmiah periode 2016–2026. Sintesis data dilakukan melalui perbandingan nilai toksisitas LC50 serta dinamika respon seluler. Temuan utama mengindikasikan bahwa zat filter organik yang terdiri dari oksibenzon dan oktinoksat, serta nanopartikel anorganik yang terdiri dari ZnO dan TiO2, memicu tekanan fisiologis yang spesifik. Hal ini mencakup pembungkusan planula, tekanan oksidatif akibat pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), serta kerusakan mutualisme Symbiodinium yang berujung pada pemutihan karang. Di samping itu, metode analisis seperti HPLC dan GC-MS dapat berperan dalam mendeteksi polutan ini pada kadar rendah dalam perairan laut. Oleh karena itu, filter UV membentuk risiko serius bagi ketahanan terumbu karang. Pengaturan yang lebih ketat dari komposisi kosmetik beserta penerapan "reef-safe" menjadi langkah esensial untuk mencegah kerusakan lanjutan pada ekosistem terumbu karang.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agawin, N. S., García-Márquez, M. G., Espada, D. R., Freemantle, L., Herrera, M. G. P., & Tovar Sánchez, A. (2024). Science of the Total Environment Distribution and accumulation of UV filters ( UVFs ) and conservation status of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in a prominent Mediterranean coastal tourist hub. Science of the Total Environment, 948(174784), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174784
Almeida, A. C., Reid, M., & Lillicrap, A. (2025). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Specific toxicity of octinoxate and octocrylene on Symbiodinium sp ., a symbiotic microalga with corals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 304(119151), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119151
Anggraeni, S. R., Sari, Q. W., Utami, S. T., & Putriana, N. A. (2022). Pengetahuan dan Kesadaran Pentingnya Produk Eco-Friendly Skincare Bagi Ekosistem Perairan Indonesia. Majalah Farmasetika, 7(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v7i1.36825
Astuti, M. P., Notodarmojo, S., Rianti, C., & Lokesh, P. (2023). Contaminants of emerging concerns ( CECs ) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(10), 21512–21532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23567-8
Bakir, M., Abad-alvaro, I., Laborda, F., & Slaveykova, V. I. (2025). Comparative assessment of uptake and effects of TiO 2 and CeO 2 nanoparticles in Algae using advanced single-entity analytical techniques. Aquatic Toxicology, 286(107430), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107430
Burns, E. E., & Davies, I. A. (2021). Coral Ecotoxicological Data Evaluation for the Environmental Safety Assessment of Ultraviolet Filters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(12), 3441–3464. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5229
Cadena-aizaga, M. I., Montesdeoca-esponda, S., Sosa-ferrera, Z., & Santana-rodríguez, J. (2022). Occurrence and environmental hazard of organic UV filters in seawater and wastewater from Gran Canaria Island ( Canary Islands , Spain ). Environmental Pollution Journal, 300(118843), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118843
Carve, M., Singh, N., Askeland, M., Allinson, G., & Shimeta, J. (2023). Salting ‑ out assisted liquid – liquid extraction combined with LC – MS / MS for the simultaneous determination of seven organic UV filters in environmental water samples : method development and application. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(47), 104870–104885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29646-8
Celeiro, M., Acerbi, R., Kabir, A., Furton, K. G., & Llompart, M. (2020). Analytica Chimica Acta : X Development of an analytical methodology based on fabric phase sorptive extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine UV fi lters in environmental and recreational waters. Analytica Chimica Acta: X, 4(100038), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acax.2019.100038
Conway, A. J., Gonsior, M., Clark, C., Heyes, A., & Mitchelmore, C. L. (2021). Science of the Total Environment Acute toxicity of the UV fi lter oxybenzone to the coral Galaxea fascicularis. Science of the Total Environment, 796(1016), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148666
Corinaldesi, C., Marcellini, F., Nepote, E., Damiani, E., & Danovaro, R. (2018). Science of the Total Environment Impact of inorganic UV fi lters contained in sunscreen products on tropical stony corals ( Acropora spp .). Science of the Total Environment, 637–638(10), 1279–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.108
Downs, C. A., Diaz-cruz, M. S., White, W. T., Rice, M., Jim, L., Dant, M., Gautam, K., Woodley, C. M., Walsh, K. O., Downs, E. M., Bishop, L., Garg, A., King, K., Paltin, T., Ellen, B., Cruises, W., & Kona, K. (2022). Beach showers as sources of contamination for sunscreen pollution in marine protected areas and areas of intensive beach tourism in Hawaii , U . S . A . Journal of Hazardous Materials, 438(129546), 1–48. https://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/
Downs, C. A., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Segal, R., Fauth, J., Knutson, S., Bronstein, O., & Loya, Y. (2016). Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter , Oxybenzone ( Benzophenone-3 ), on Coral Planulae and Cultured Primary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaii and the U . S . Virgin Islands. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 70(7), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7
Hodge, A. A., Hopkins, F. E., Saha, M., & Jha, A. N. (2025). Ecotoxicological effects of sunscreen derived organic and inorganic UV filters on marine organisms : A critical review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 213(117627), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117627
Koagouw, W., Arifin, Z., Olivier, G. W. J., & Ciocan, C. (2021). High concentrations of paracetamol in effluent dominated waters of Jakarta. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169(112558), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112558
Ku, P. C., Liu, T. Y., Lee, S. H., Kung, T. A., & Wang, W. H. (2020). An environmentally friendly strategy for determining organic ultraviolet filters in seawater using liquid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(9), 9818-9825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07612-4
Labille, J., Slomberg, D., Catalano, R., Robert, S., Apers-tremelo, M., Boudenne, J., Manas, T., & Radakovitch, O. (2020). Science of the Total Environment Assessing UV fi lter inputs into beach waters during recreational activity : A fi eld study of three French Mediterranean beaches from consumer survey to water analysis. 706(136010), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136010
Marbun, F. K., Tarigan, S. B., & Sudarti, S. (2023). Tinjauan Analisis Manfaat dan Dampak Sinar Ultraviolet Terhadap Kesehatan Manusia. Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif, 3(3), 605-612. https://doi.org/10.54082/jupin.235
Miller, I. B., Pawlowski, S., Kellermann, M. Y., Thiery, M. P., Moeller, M., Nietzer, S., & Schupp, P. J. (2021). Toxic effects of UV filters from sunscreens on coral reefs revisited : regulatory aspects for “ reef safe ” products. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(74), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00515-w
Mitchelmore, C. L., Burns, E. E., Conway, A., Heyes, A., & Davies, I. A. (2021). A Critical Review of Organic Ultraviolet Filter Exposure , Hazard , and Risk to Corals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(4), 967–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4948
Mitchelmore, C. L., He, K., Gonsior, M., Hain, E., Heyes, A., Clark, C., & Blaney, L. (2019). Occurrence and distribution of UV-filters and other anthropogenic contaminants in coastal surface water, sediment, and coral tissue from Hawaii. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 398 410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.034
Nieddu, M., Pasciu, V., Demontis, M. P., & Baralla, E. (2024). The Application of Liquid Chromatography for the Analysis of Organic UV Filters in Environmental and Marine Biota Matrices. Separations, 11(30), 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11010030
Nozaki, K., Tanoue, R., Kunisue, T., Minh, N., Fujii, S., & Sudo, N. (2023). Science of the Total Environment Pharmaceuticals and personal care products ( PPCPs ) in surface water and fi sh from three Asian countries : Species-speci fi c bioaccumulation and potential ecological risks. Science of the Total Environment, 866(161258), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161258
Pawlowski, S., Lütjens, L. H., Sinram, T., Willing, L. E., Tschentscher, D., Leubner, N., Sachers, S. S., Freitag, T., & Thiery, M. P. (2025). Cosmetic UV filters used in sunscreens and their impact on corals put into perspective. Environmental Sciences Europe, 37(173), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01242-2
Pawlowski, S., Moeller, M., Miller, I. B., Kellermann, M. Y., & Schupp, P. J. (2021). Special Series UV fi lters used in sunscreens — A lack in current coral protection ? 17(5), 926–939. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4454
Puebla-Domínguez, B., Rascón, A. J., Ávalos-Monroy, L., Palacios-Colón, L., & Ballesteros, E. (2025). Chemosphere Determination of octocrylene , benzophenone-3 and its derivatives in Spanish surface waters by solid-phase extraction / gas chromatography − mass spectrometry. Chemosphere, 380(144455), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144455
Rücker, J., Leonhardt, J., & Wild, C. (2025). Effects of three sunscreens on the ecophysiology of hard and soft corals from the Maldives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219(118316), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118316
Sudaryanto A, R O Witama, K Nosaki, R Tanoue, F Suciati1, S I Sachoemar, Y Hayami, A Morimoto, K. N. and T. K. (2023). Occurrence of emerging contaminants in Jakarta Bay , Indonesia : pharmaceuticals and personal care products Occurrence of emerging contaminants in Jakarta Bay , Indonesia : pharmaceuticals and personal care products. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1137(012050), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1137/1/012050
Sekartadji, B. P. P., Noviana, E., & Januarsa, A. (2023). Perancangan Kampanye Bahaya Tabir Surya Terhadap Terumbu Karang Bagi Remaja. FAD, 2(1), 1-13. https://eproceeding.itenas.ac.id/index.php/fad/article/view/2065
Vila, M., Facorro, R., Lamas, J. P., Garcia-Jares, C., Dagnac, T., & Llompart, M. (2016). Determination of fifteen water and fat-soluble UV filters in cosmetics by pressurized liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 8(37), 6787-6794. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY01195K
Wadoe, M., Syifaudin, D. S., Alfianna, W., Aifa, F. F., Narlika, D. P., Savitri, R. A., ... & Sulistyarini, A. (2019). Penggunaan Dan Pengetahuan Sunscreen Pada Mahasiswa Unair. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas, 6(1), 1-8. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JFK/article/download/21821/11966
Watkins, Y. S. D., & Sallach, J. B. (2021). Investigating the exposure and impact of chemical UV fi lters on coral reef ecosystems : Review and research gap prioritization. Integr Environ Assess Manag, 17(5), 967–981. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4411
Wijgerde, T., van Ballegooijen, M., Nijland, R., van der Loos, L., Kwadijk, C., Osinga, R., Murk, A., & Slijkerman, D. (2020). Adding insult to injury: effects of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated temperature on two reef-building corals. Science of The Total Environment, 733 (139030), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139030
Yuan, S., Huang, J., Jiang, X., Huang, Y., Zhu, X., & Cai, Z. (2022). Environmental Fate and Toxicity of Sunscreen-Derived Inorganic Ultraviolet Filters in Aquatic Environments : A Review. Nanomaterials, 12(699), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040699
Zulfiqar, H., Llompart, M., Castiñeira-Landeira, A., Coralli, I., Vassura, I., & Fabbri, D. (2026). Occurrence of twelve UV filters and evidence of cis-octinoxate formation in Adriatic coastal waters : Environmental implications. Marine Pollution Bulletin Journal, 225(119195), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119195
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35308/jlik.v8i1.15101
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisa Ulmafhigrah, Hilya Saputri, Firdus Firdus, Muhammad Nasir, Alia Rizki
