Meningkatkan Ketahanan Karang Melalui Evolusi Terbantu: Tinjauan Pemuliaan Selektif Dan Manipulasi Holobion
Abstract
Terumbu karang, ekosistem laut yang sangat produktif namun rentan, menghadapi ancaman parah dari perubahan iklim, terutama pemutihan karang akibat peningkatan suhu laut dan pengasaman. Konservasi konvensional tidak lagi memadai, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan inovatif seperti evolusi terbantu (assisted evolution) untuk mempercepat adaptasi karang. Literatur review ini membahas dua strategi inti evolusi terbantu: pemuliaan selektif (selective breeding) dan manipulasi holobion (meliputi manipulasi simbion dan mikrobioma). Pemuliaan selektif melibatkan persilangan karang toleran stres untuk menghasilkan keturunan yang tangguh, sementara manipulasi holobion berfokus pada rekayasa komunitas alga simbion (Symbiodiniaceae) dan mikrobioma bakteri untuk meningkatkan ketahanan. Meskipun masih dalam tahap pengembangan, studi awal menunjukkan hasil yang menjanjikan dalam meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup karang. Dalam konteks Indonesia, yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati laut, terdapat potensi besar untuk penerapan evolusi terbantu. Inisiatif seperti lokakarya toleransi termal dan program restorasi skala besar menunjukkan kesiapan, meskipun sebagian besar upaya restorasi masih konvensional. Untuk memajukan pendekatan ini, diperlukan studi percontohan lokal, pengumpulan data genetik yang komprehensif, keterlibatan masyarakat, dan kerangka regulasi yang mendukung. Dengan demikian, Indonesia dapat menjadi pemimpin regional dalam penelitian dan aplikasi evolusi terbantu untuk memastikan masa depan terumbu karang yang lebih tangguh.
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